After systole, does the mitral valve open before or after the aortic valve closes? Describe the normal appearance of the mitral apparatus on 2DE. Describe the spectral Doppler findings in a patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation. How can aortic insufficiency be differentiated from aortic stenosis on CXR? How can aortic stenosis be quantified using Doppler echocardiography? How can echocardiography be used to estimate the severity of aortic insufficiency? How can echocardiography be used to estimate the severity of mitral regurgitation? How can the jet of tricuspid regurgitation be used to estimate the pulmonary systolic pressure? How can the pressure gradient be calculated? How does one assess the severity of tricuspid regurgitation? How is critical aortic stenosis defined? How is mitral stenosis graded using echocardiography? How is the severity of tricuspid stenosis assessed? How might acute mitral regurgitation (e.g., that caused by papillary muscle rupture following a myocardial infarction) appear radiographically? How might atrial fibrillation affect the mitral inflow pattern? How might one differentiate among valvular aortic stenosis, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, subaortic membrane, and supra-aortic membrane? In an asymptomatic patient with aortic insufficiency, how can echocardiography be used to judge the timing of valve replacement? In an asymptomatic patient with mitral regurgitation, how can echocardiography be used to determine the optimal time for mitral valve replacement? Is the P1/2 increased or decreased in mitral stenosis? List five signs of aortic stenosis on CXR. List four causes of acquired aortic insufficiency. List four causes of acquired tricuspid stenosis. List four complications that may be associated with mitral valve prolapse. List four ways coronary artery disesase can lead to secondary mitral regurgitation. List seven causes of tricuspid regurgitation. List the five primary causes of mitral regurgitation. List the three secondary causes of mitral regurgitation List three causes of aortic stenosis. List three other causes of mitral stenosis. List three signs of aortic insufficiency on CXR. List two congenital disorders that can be associated with aortic insufficiency. List two congenital disorders that can be associated with tricuspid stenosis. Name another cause of pulmonic stenosis. Name three complications of mitral stenosis. Name three conditions that clinically mimic mitral stenosis Name three other diagnoses one must consider for an increased gradient on continuous-wave Doppler across the aortic valve. Name two CXR signs of tricuspid atresia. To quantify the pulmonary systolic pressure, it is necessary to estimate right atrial systolic pressure. How is this done? What are five echocardiographic criteria for diagnosing mitral valve prolapse? What are four signs of mitral stenosis on CXR? What are some of the echocardiographic findings associated with longstanding aortic stenosis? What are some pitfalls of using Doppler echocardiography for assessing the severity of aortic stenosis? What are the classic 2DE findings associated with adult calcific aortic stenosis (list three) What are the classic 2DE findings associated with bicuspid aortic valve (list four) What are the classic 2DE findings associated with rheumatic aortic stenosis (list two) What are the classic Doppler findings of mitral stenosis? What are the classic findings of aortic insufficiency on color flow Doppler? What are the classic findings of aortic stenosis on color flow Doppler? What are the classic findings of aortic stenosis on spectral Doppler? What are the clinical signs of critical aortic stenosis? What are the echocardiographic characteristics of pulmonic stenosis? What are the echocardiographic characteristics of tricuspid stenosis? What are the signs of mitral regurgitation on CXR? What are the signs of tricuspid regurgitation on CXR? What are the three major causes of pulmonic insufficiency? What conditions other than mitral stenosis result in diminished mobility of the mitral leaflets? What finding is seen in chronic pulmonic insufficiency? What is the E-F slope? What is the P1/2? What is the equation for calculating the valve area? What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis? What is the most common form of pulmonic stenosis? What is the normal P1/2? What is the normal mitral valve pressure gradient? What is the normal valve area of the mitral annulus? What is the typical 2DE appearance of rheumatic mitral stenosis? What other finding may suggest pulmonic stenosis? What three findings suggest severe aortic insufficiency? Which form of spectral Doppler is best for assessing aortic stenosis, Which patients with mitral valve prolapse should be followed closely? Book traversal links for Valvular disease ‹ When or how should one suspect blunt cardiac injury in a trauma patient? Up After systole, does the mitral valve open before or after the aortic valve closes? ›