What are three cardiac causes of increased pulmonary vascularity (pulmonary venous hypertension)?
What are three cardiac causes of increased pulmonary vascularity (pulmonary venous hypertension)?
1. Left-sided heart failure
2. Left-sided valvular pathology (e.g., aortic stenosis or regurgitation, mitral stenosis or regurgitation)
3. Intracardiac shunts