What are six complications of horseshoe kidney aside from increased UPJ obstruction?
What are six complications of horseshoe kidney aside from increased UPJ obstruction?
1. Increased incidence of Wilms’ tumor
2. Higher incidence of renal cell carcinoma
3. Greater susceptibility to trauma
4. Increased incidence of renovascular hypertension
5. Increased vesicoureteral reflux
6. Increased stone formation