List four signs of emphysema on a CXR.

List four signs of emphysema on a CXR.

1. Hyperinflation (flattened diaphragms, increased AP diameter, and increased retrosternal airspace on the lateral CXR)
2. Bullae (lucent, air-containing spaces that have no vessels and are not perfused)
3. runing of pulmonary vessels
4. Pulmonary hypertension<\p>