What are four methods of reducing radiation dose in CT fluoroscopy?

1. Intermittent fluoroscopy, with a quick check of needle position before repositioning (push & look)
2. Lead shield on patient toward operator side to reduce scatter to operator
3. Distance from source; no need to stand near patient while stepping on fluoro pedal unless moving the needle
4. Use of forceps if real-time CT fluoroscopy needed (difficult to master)