List seven causes of a persistent nephrogram on IVP.

List seven causes of a persistent nephrogram on IVP.

Key Question

1. Ureteral obstruction (unilateral)
2. Hypotension (bilateral)
3. Ischemia (bilateral)
4. Acute renal failure (bilateral)
5. Glomerulonephritis (bilateral)
6. Acute tubular necrosis (bilateral)
7. Renal vein thrombosis (either)