What hemodynamic information may be obtained from Doppler ultrasound?

1. The pressure gradient across a stenosis(in a heart valve or blood vessel) may be obtained using the modified Bernoulli equation as determined by continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound.
2. Flow through a region may be measured by the equation F = a x v, where F is flow, a is the area of the orifice defined by 2DE, and v is the velocity through that orifice as determined by Doppler ultrasound.
3. Valve area using the continuity equation a x v = a x v.